Causes of spinal stenosis can include:

• Degenerative changes to the spine that occur with age, such as the formation of bone spurs or thickened ligaments.
• Herniated discs, which can bulge out and put pressure on the spinal cord or nerves.
• Tumors or other growths that can compress the spinal cord or nerves.
• Injuries or trauma to the spine, which can cause swelling or bleeding that narrows the spinal canal.

Symptoms of spinal stenosis can vary depending on the location and severity of the narrowing, but common symptoms include:

• pain, numbness, or weakness in the legs, arms, or hands
• difficulty walking or standing for long periods of time
• cramping or fatigue in the legs
• Loss of bladder and bowel control

Treatment for spinal stenosis will depend on the underlying cause of the condition and the severity of the symptoms. Some common treatments include:

• Physical therapy: Physical therapy can help to improve flexibility and strength in the back and legs.

• Medications: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or pain relievers can be used to reduce pain and inflammation.

• Injections: Epidural steroid injections can be used to reduce inflammation and pain.

• Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct the underlying cause of the spinal stenosis. For example, a neurosurgeon may recommend a laminectomy to remove the bone overgrowth that is compressing the spinal cord.